IPad

Looking Forward to October

Unlike the professional Apple pundits, like the team at Connected — (who are in the midst of their annual fundraiser for Saint Jude's/), there is no cost or benefit associated with any predictions I make about Apple products. And, as I've admitted in the past, there's as much wishing things into existence when I do this as there is true analysis.

That said, I have some thoughts about October.

I've written before about my belief about what I think (read: want) from, the next iPad Mini. I think the recent iPhone announcement has hinted that what I want is about to arrive.

I think the A18 and A18 Pro chips that went into the latest iteration of the iPhones will make their way into the base iPad and iPad Mini so that the entire iPad line will be able to use Apple Intelligence. I am also willing to bet that the "mighty" iPad Mini will get the Pro version of the chip.

That doesn't guarantee that the Mini will get external monitor support but I suspect that is coming, too.

The move to the Apple Pencil Pro (with the required shift in camera placement) also makes sense if Apple wants to fully shift to a two Pencil future ( Pencil — currently called USB-C — and Pro).

I wouldn't be surprised if the event's name is “Mighty”, given the rumors of a redesigned Mac Mini. If the HomePod Mini is given some stage time with an Apple Intelligence upgrade to highlight how Siri and Home are moving into the future, it would produce a neat narrative while showing off the prowess of Apple's engineers and what kind of technology they can fit into a small space.

And it I'm wrong? Odds are you'll have forgotten I wrote this by then.

"What's a computer?"

Apple caused a lot of consternation amongst the tech world's equivalent of the chattering classes (On a good day, I include myself in that group.) with the question asked at the end of this ad. For many, the question was one that challenged the preconceived notion of the form factor: Could something without a fixed and attached keyboard and a lot of I/O options really be a computer?

Some probably typed this on their lovingly crafted mechanical keyboards while their laptop was docked in clamshell mode, not giving it a second thought.

For others, the question was one of specs: Could anything with so little RAM or storage or CPU/GPU power really be a computer?

They probably didn't stop to consider that their cellphone's specs are superior to what NASA used to travel to the moon and that Voyager has less computational power than their car's key fob.

For still others, it’s about the software capabilities. Can anything that is incapable of running intensive desktop computing software really be considered a computer?

They probably didn't stop to ask if the real computer they used three to five years before could comfortably run the latest version of the program they are using as a benchmark.

I'm not making these observations to poke fun of the nameless, faceless strawmen I have set up to point at derisively. Rather, I think their objections are critical for understanding what I am beginning to explore in response to that ad's question.

“What’s a computer?”

The ad’s answer, according to the graphics that appear on the screen, includes an iPad Pro running iOS 11 — a device and operating system those of us living the iPadOS lifestyle might consider limited in the same way my strawmen might attribute to our iPads.

But the point of the ad, along with ads like “Homework” —an ad that haunts me because it highlights what I fear are my own pedagogical shortcomings, is that the computer must serve a purpose if it’s going to be real.

I suspect many consumers generally “get it” — whether they are buying an iPad, a Mac, or a Windows machine. It's about what the device can (or can't) do for them and what they're comfortable with.

The iPad Mini I am writing this on right now is, for my immediate need, more powerful than the most impressively tricked out Mac Pro because the Mac Pro doesn't support Scribble or the Apple Pencil. And while there's no question that the new M4 iPad Pro outperforms my Mini, the Mini's form factor still delights me more than it would.

So what's a computer? It's a tool — a tool that can only be measured by its utility to the user and not an abstract set of specs and form factors.

My preference for the Mini comes with clear trade offs. The smaller size that, for reasons I cannot explain, I prefer can feel cramped at times and is less forgiving when dealing with online meetings. And I will need to post this via my iPad Pro because Squarespace doesn’t trust the Mini with hyperlinks. But I get more worthwhile (Your opinion may differ.) writing done on it with my Apple Pencil than I do on my iPad Pro with its excellent Magic Keyboard. And I have noticed I actively dislike the thought of using a traditional computer of any manufacture.

The girl in the ad's question is one every user looking at a new device should ask. What, for them, is a computer? And how open are they to change?

More on the Problem of “Pro”

I was watching another tech YouTube video on computer and/or iPad peripherals the other day (I can stop any time I want.). In the video, the presenter was describing a 7-in-One usb-c dongle that had all the ports he and any other pro users might need.

  • I'm not sure why this video struck me more forcefully than any of the others I've watched, but his focus on the utility provided by the SD-card and micro SD-card slots leapt out as two facts immediately presented themselves:

  • I can't remember the last time I used as SD-Card. Yes, I can appreciate how important they are for podcasters and YouTubers and have considered them as an external storage option, but I have never found a need to use them.*

I have needed the VGA connection on my Satechi Munliport Adapter twice in the past year while presenting at universities in Europe and the US. The VGA connection, in fact, was the “Pro” feature that made me go with this model rather than some of the more streamlined ones.

I have written before on how “Pro” means different things to different people. What strikes me as remarkable is how often we confuse general purpose devices for tailored machines and knock them for providing peripherals that serve our specific needs — as if peripherals (now often connected via dongles) were signs of a device's limitations rather than their adaptability.

* Yes, I know: Having published that, I will need to use one at some point in the coming days.

Apple Intelligence — Hiding in Plain Sight

I haven't installed the iOS or iPadOS 18 beta software. This will come as a surprise to no one. After all, I'm not a developer. I'm not a reviewer. I'm not a Podcaster, YouTuber, or similar Creative who needs to generate content on a regularly scheduled basis.

But I am interested. So, I read, listen, and watch the material being created by reviewers, podcasters, and YouTubers.

Given the public interest in AI, I can understand why these creators keep their focus on Apple Intelligence and whether any signs of it have appeared in the betas. It's their job to let us know if it has or hasn't.

What I am trying to think through is what to make of what often follows in these beta reports: Updates on what new machine learning features have arrived.

While these features are not part of what has been branded as Apple Intelligence. But they are features that draw on artificial intelligence.

I bring this up not to try and shame the content creators struggling to keep up with a fast changing story. By and large, they are doing good work. Rather, I want to highlight how the most significant features and changes AI will bring may be invisible to users.

For those of us trying to make sense of a future that includes generative AI, LLMs, and other machine learning advances, trying to capture these changes clearly for our audiences while various corporations and scholarly communities introduce language that segments the field is no simple task. Nor is it an insignificant one. Trying to explain to colleagues that they should be attentive to these developments involves understanding a continuum of technology — one that spell check and predictive text already has them on — obligates them to grapple with the fuzzy lines branding draws.

I'd love to conclude with a neat and tidy solution as to how to make it clear and comprehensible that Scribble (which I am using to write this post), text smoothing (available in the iPadOS 18 betas), and Apple Intelligence are connected yet distinct. If I could do that, I would be more able to tease out how and where Generative AI could be best employed land best not employed) in the brainstorming, organizing, outlining, drafting, editing, proofreading, publishing continuum of the writing process as a tool for creation and learning.

Creating and learning to create are two very different things. And I absolutely believe that going back to Blue Books is not the answer. Don't laugh. I know colleagues who have been advocating for that for well over a decade. Several years ago, it was because BlueBooks keep students from accessing the internet while they write, making our assessment results more neat even if they are likely to never exist in a world where they can’t access the internet. Now, of course, it’s to make sure they don’t hand in generated text.

But if we aren't going back to Blue Books, and we want to keep a general public informed about what AI can (and can’t) do, we have to figure out how to make the differences between the expressions of machine learning more approachable.

The Let Loose Event and the iPad Mini

Along with all of the other iPad true believers, I watched the "Let Loose“ event today. Even before it started, I didn’t expect to be the main target for this release cycle. After all, my current iPad Mini and iPad Pro more than serve my needs. And of the two, the Mini is the device my wants and desires are focused on.

This isn't to say I didn't watch with interest. There was a lot of spoken and unspoken news released today -- some of which has me thinking that an iPad Mini “Pro” may not be as impossible as I once believed.

But first the rundown of what I think is rather than what I think may yet be.

The iPad Pro

For those wondering why Tim Cook billed today as the biggest announcement for iPad since its introduction, let me offer this observation: The iPad Pro is now a device that you know you need or you know you want in the same way you know you want or need a MacBook Pro. It has pulled away from the iPad Air in that it has targeted uses and users.

Does this mean non-artists (artists being broadly defined), non-"creatives", and non-gamers should stay away? Of course not. If it makes you happy and have the money to buy into “the ultimate iPad experience”, knock yourself out. Have fun and don't let the cynics get to you when they feel the urge to say you don’t need all that power and that the apps don’t take full advantage of the power that’s there.

Smile and enjoy the ride.

The iPad Air

The iPad Air has now become a reasonable laptop replacement for most users. Keep in mind that if you were watching “Let Loose”, you are not likely to be one of these users. You are probably a tech aficionado of some sort or someone whose livelihood is defined by the specs of the machine in front of you.

The Air is a solid general use machine that does most of what general users need while offering the flexibility offered by an Apple Pencil. And it's a lovely device for them. It's the easy choice of the iPad range.

The iPad

This is the device for those who are highly price sensitive and/or just want a full size tablet and aren't looking for a full laptop replacement — perhaps because they don't need something like a laptop. It’s a good option for what it is and a fantastic option for those who know that they don’t want it to be what it isn’t.

The iPad Mini

First things first: I believe that this is the device for those who are (like me) aficionados of the form factor or for those who need ultra-portability -- people like doctors and nurses making rounds in a hospital and the pilots who so often appear in Mini ads.

But I promised my thoughts for the future of the Mini.

Now, I am under no illusions that Apple is listening or actively considering my wants and needs. I also concede that my thoughts are being driven by what I want and not by what is practical or possible. After all, I don't have sales numbers so I don't know how much of an outlier I am in terms of desired use cases. I'm also not an engineer so can't know if my guesses are actually logical rather than just things that have the appearance of logic.

That disclaimer offered, one of Apple's points of pride was how thin the new Pros are. They are thin and more powerful. Somehow, the thermals issue was addressed with the M4 and the way the iPads Pro were engineered. The presentation nodded to some of the materials they employed.

That makes me think that thermal constraints might not be as great a restriction for a future Mini as I had thought (although distance to the battery could still be an issue). But I do wonder: If an M4 can be made to fit in a .21 inch (5.3 mm) 11 inch case, could one be fit into the .25 inch (6.3 mm) chassis of the current iPad Mini? And if not the M4, how capable would an A-series equivalent be?

What makes me hopeful that such things are being at least considered is that the iPad Mini is more Apple Pencil-centric than any other iPad. I can't help but think (want) an iPad Mini Pro or Air (or both) that supports the Pencil Pro.

Cognitive Dissonance and the iPad Mini 7’s Timeline

I am having some difficulty reconciling three of the latest bits of news/rumors about next year's iPad Mini 7

Recent rumors have pointed to the iPad Mini 7 coming out in the second half of calendar year 2024. Those reporting this timeline have also started putting the A16 chip in this revision. Finally, there are the reports that next year's versions of iOS and iPadOS will be major updates.

These three pieces of information have set up a certain cognitive dissonance, as the rumors do not feel like they play well together.

First, why release a device that is often associated with university students after they would have planned or purchased (or have purchased for them) their new year's devices in the late spring/early summer rather than in the fall?

This question is doubly applicable for the education-bulk-purchase focused iPad.

It feels like an odd timeframe for such release. It feels even stranger if the chips being used in the iPad and the iPad Mini are of an older generation than the M-series and the 3 nanometer process chips going into the rest of the iPad line.

Second, Apple has a history of tying major software advances to their hardware development. Pundits and users alike are routinely surprised that the latest software developments can be run on older than anticipated hardware.

There are two obvious ways to dispel this cognitive dissonance. The first would be for Apple to release the Mini earlier than the rumors indicate. This would permit students to order and buy before the start of the fall semester and not feel like the chips were old, relative to what we are expecting to see in the iPads Pro and Air that are rumored to be released in the spring.

But that solution does not solve for my (self-imposed) criterion that the new hardware be ready to leverage whatever is coming in iOS and iPadOS.

There is another explanation, of course — one that may be more wish fulfillment on my part than reality.

But hear me out.

If the reason for the delayed timeline is to put a three nanometer chip (e.g.. the A17) into the Mini and an MI into the iPad, the entire line may be capable of running Stage Manager, unifying the multitasking approach across all of its iPad and Mac platforms in advance of the Vision Pro’s arrival.

It would also explain why the release is later. Given the stories about how low the yield rate is for the nanometer chips is, the longer timeline for the is iPad Mini makes more sense, as it gives Apple and TMC more time to produce the chips they need for iPhones and the Vision Pro.

There are other explanations that would make sense, including explanations that I have not imagined. Apple may want to clear stock (chips or devices) or better recoup development costs — both of which could be cleared with more time, for example.

I suspect there are better ways to do that. I also suspect I may be trying to wish something into existence rather than be entirely dispassionate about my theories.

But it still feels like there are some surprises in store for the next iterations of the iPad and iPad Mini.

Confused by the Confusion (or, What iPad Should I Buy?)

With the release of the newest version of the Apple Pencil, I have begun to see a number of pundits and journalists talk about how confusing the iPad line has become. It is tempting to respond to this with a condescending claim about their own condescension towards "average" consumers — even if it would be wrong to do so.

Those poor, benighted non-techies really can't handle anything beyond the good/better/best progression ninety percent of the time so Apple needs to get rid of those extra models in the lineup, they might say.

Well, I might respond with equal condescension, you just don't get the iPad because your frame of reference is bound to the fourfold division of the Mac promulgated by Steve Jobs when he returned from NEXT, with desktop/ laptop on one axis and consumer/pro on the other — a model that doesn't fit the iPad. (Even though the model kind of does fit...)

Other than providing the smug satisfaction that comes along with any good strawman logical fallacy, this does no one any good. The pundits and reviewers claiming confusion and citing the clarity that adding a larger iPad Air would bring are expressing a real problem that they face every time a friend or family member asks what device they should buy.

It's one thing to offer the wrong advice to a reader or viewer you will never meet. It's another to get to hear the griping every holiday dinner and suffer through the implication that you are bad at your job.

It is equally true that the new Apple Pencil appears to be hinting that there is some kind of change coming. Whether it is a hardware redesign (Does USB-C signal a move away from magnetic charging to make space for a repositioned FaceTime camera?) or a shift in design philosophy (We need a good/better/best progression for the Apple Pencil.) remains to be seen.

That said, the decision tree as to which iPad to buy is simple.

  1. Is price the most important thing for you? If yes, get the basic iPad. If not, go to question two.

  2. Are you a videographer or professional (or similarly serious) photographer? If yes, get the Pro. If not, go to question 3.

  3. Are you looking for maximum portability? Get the Mini.

  4. If not, get the Air.

Yes, at each of these steps, there are other questions but those answers come easily. How much memory should I get? How much are you using? What about the screen size? Those who need a big screen or just love the Mini know who they are already.

Those are questions that can be walked through simply enough and most consumers can figure those out.

That said, I want to go back to that two-by-two grid for a second, because it is hiding in the iPad lineup. If you look at those four questions, and don't get distracted by form factor, you can set up the grid -- based on most likely place of use -- with laptop replacement/desktop replacement on one axis and consumer/ professional on the other. The consumer laptop is the Mini. The consumer desktop is the Air ( living in its Magic Keyboard case). The pro laptop is the 11 inch Pro and its desktop counterpart is the 12.9 inch.

The more peripherals you add (e.g., keyboards, track pads, and external monitors), the clearer the alignment becomes.

If Apple were to add a larger iPad Air to the lineup, the grid gets simpler and the Mini becomes more of a specialty item, much as the base iPad is targeted at the education market. Like the Pro, you will know if you need it — either because it speaks to you or because you want a un companion for your Mac.

I am not going to argue iPads and Macs have become interchangeable. They aren't and each comes with strengths and limitations. What I will argue is that there is more consistency and less confusion than may meet the eye for the average consumer than we techies might initially think.

Managing Stages with Apple

Apple takes a much longer view with its hardware and software than most people realize. Developers are annually reminded of this at Apple's Worldwide Developer’s Conference (WWDC) when they are gently prodded to update their apps to use newer APIs -- sometimes years in advance of the hardware changes the APIs are designed to support..

This long term approach exists in tension with Apple's secretive approach to its future releases. As a result, so much of the innovative work being done only becomes clear in hindsight.

Take, for example, CarPlay. The new dashboard display that came with iOS13 was a fresh, new look—something more useful than the grid of apps. And having a map and some tappable controls available was a nice, creature comfort advance.

After the release of widgets in iOS and iPadOS the following year, however, the design of CarPlay began to look like a precursor of things to come. Now that widgets have became increasingly interactive, it is now obvious that Apple had been playing with the concept of a simplified, tappable interface for iPhones and iPads prior to its open deployment for users.

It's anyone's guess if this was always Apple's plan or if, one day, a clever engineer looked up, turned to their colleagues, and said, "You know, we could do this on a phone, too!”

I was considering this as I listened to the tvOS review on App Stories this morning — especially the parts about where Apple could go with its iOS equivalent of the Mac Mini.

Let me add to the wish list for such a device.

There is an underused USB part on the back of every AppleTV. Those USB ports are obvious places to connect a media server or a backup drive. That puts us one app away from an iOS-based Time Machine app.

As my old Mac Mini limps toward retirement, I would like to have a new method of backing up our family photos.in an ideal world, I would prefer an ids-based solution. A more advanced Apple TV is an obvious solution — especially for a growing customer base that is less interested in maintaining a macOS infrastructure alongside their iOS/iPadOS infrastructure.

In saying this, I recognize this may sound like a concern from a different era. But there is something about your child's baby pictures that makes you want to take the belt and suspenders approach to backing up your data.

At the Risk of (Briefly) Stating the Obvious

For those of you carrying an M-series iPad or Mac into the classroom and plugging into a projector, turn on Stage Manager. You will be able to keep your screen private (letting you access things that might violate FERPA or do searches on the web that make you hesitate).

While you are setting up Stage Manager, schedule a Focus Mode to turn on for class. This prevents all sorts of badly timed messages from accidentally disrupting class.

Not that I have ever done something like that to my wife.

These two small settings changes let your devices improve the quality of your life in the classroom.

Still Looking through a Glass Darkly: Thoughts on Apple’s Education 2018 Event

Let me begin with an unequivocal statement: Anyone wishing to get a sense of the challenges before Apple in the education arena need look no further than Bradley Chamberswell reasoned and well written response on 9 to 5 Mac to the 2018 Apple Education Event. In his article, he clearly lays out the challenges facing Apple, as a hardware and service provider, and teachers as they try to implement solutions offered by Apple and others.[1]

And while I would not change a word, I would add one word to the title (which Chambers may or may not have written). I would argue that “Making the Grade: Why Apple’s Education Strategy is not Based on Reality” should read “Making the Grade: Why Apple’s Education Strategy is not Based on Today’s Reality”.[2]

Let me explain why.

As I wrote earlier, Apple included an interesting subtext in its event. It challenged the hegemony of the keyboard as the primary computing input device. In fact, there are no keyboards used in the entirety of the “Homework” video they produced to showcase the iPad in an educational setting — although the Pencil, I would note, appears on several occasions.

I don’t think this is Apple trying to hard sell the Pencil for the purpose of profit. If that were the case, we would not have seen the less expensive Logitech Crayon. Nor do I think it is an attempt to employ their famed Reality Distortion Field to deny the need for keyboards. Otherwise, we wouldn’t have seen the Logitech Rugged Combo 2 education-only keyboard.

What I do think is that Apple is trying to get the education market to rethink education’s relationship to technology.

Education, almost always, comes to technology as a tool to solve a known problem: How to we assess more efficiently? How do we maintain records? How do we process students in our systems? How do we crunch data? How to we produce a standard and secure testing environment? How do we make submitting assignments and grading assignment more efficient? How can we afford to deploy enough devices to make a difference?

That we ask these questions is no surprise. These are important questions — critically important questions. If we don’t get answers to them, the educational enterprise begins to unravel. And because of that, it is more than understandable that they form the backbone of Bradley Chambers’ article and the majority of the commentary behind most of the responses I have read or listened to. They are the questions that made Leo LaPorte keep coming back to his wish that Apple had somehow done more in Chicago when the event was being discussed on MacBreak Weekly.

What they are not, however, is the list of questions Apple was positioning itself to answer. As Rene Ritchie pointed out in his response to the event, Apple is focusing on creativity — not tech specs. And from what I have seen from a number of Learning Management Systems and other education technological products, it is an area that is very much underserved and undersupported by ed-tech providers.

Apple is trying to answer the questions: How do you get students to be engaged with the material they are learning? How do I get them to think critically? How do I get them to be creative and see the world in a new way?

Alex Lindsay pointed out in the above-mentioned MacBreak Weekly episode when he said that he was interested in his children (and, by extension, all students) learning as efficiently possible in school. To do that, students have to be engaged and challenged to do something more than the obvious provided in lowest common denominator solutions. Their future will also need them to do more than answer fill-in-the-blank and multiple choice questions on a test. They need to produce the kinds of projects that Apple put on display in Chicago.

Apple is offering the tools to do that.

I don’t think this is an idealized or theoretical response. If Apple wasn’t aware that these things were a challenge, they would not have made the teacher in the “Homework” video a harried individual trying to (barely) keep the attention of a room filled with too many students. Apple has hired too many teachers and gone into too many schools to not know what teachers are facing.

I would also point out that there is something to Apple’s answer. My daughter was in the room with me when I was watching the keynote. Her immediate response was that she wanted her homework to be like what she saw rather than what she did.[3]

Her school, I would point out here, uses Chromebooks. That she would jump that quickly at the chance to change should give anyone considering a Chromebook solution pause and make them look carefully at why they are making the choice they are.[4]

Nevertheless, Apple’s challenge is that it still has to address the questions Bradley Chambers and others have raised or their answers will only be partial solutions for educators.

Because Apple needs to answer these questions, I am very interested in the details of the Schoolwork app once it is released — even if it appears to be targeted at K-12 and not higher education.

I do think that we in education need to listen carefully to Apple’s answer, though. Our questions may be mission critical but they may not be the most important questions to answer. After all, if we are first and foremost not trying to answer “How do we get our students engaged?”, we have ceased to be engaged in education. And while I have a great deal of sympathy for my friends and colleagues in IT (and am grateful for their ongoing support at JCSU), they are there to support my students’ and my work — not the other way around. And every time we take a shortcut to make IT’s job easier,[5] as we have done too often when trying to answer how to assess student learning outcomes, we are decreasing our students’ chances for success.

For those placing long-term bets, however, I would point out one thing: Apple’s positioning itself as the source for solutions for generating curiosity and creativity is a better solution for education than Google’s positioning itself as the solution for how to create a new batch of emails for the next year’s worth of students.


[1] The most important section of the article, incidentally, is this section:

One of the things I’ve become concerned about is the number of items we tend to keep adding to a teacher’s plate. They have to manage a classroom of 15–30 kids, understand all of the material they teach, learn all of the systems their school uses, handle discipline issues, grade papers, and help students learn.

When do we start to take things off of a teacher’s plates? When do we give them more hours in the day? Whatever Apple envisioned in 2012, it’s clear that did not play out.

[2] I wouldn’t run the word today in bold and italics, of course. I am using them here so you can easily find the word.

[3] Or thought she did. When I asked her what stopped her from doing her homework in that manner, she thought and said she didn’t know how she would get it to her teacher. I told her that I could help her with that.

[4] It still might be the best choice, of course. These decisions are a series of trade-offs. But I would point out that if she begins to use an iPad at home to do things her classmates cannot with their Chromebooks and gains a superior education because of her engagement with the material as a result, the argument for deploying Chromebook is significantly weakened.

[5] Making IT’s job easier, I would stress, is significantly different from asking if what is being proposed is technically and practically possible.


Dr. Matthew M. DeForrest is a Professor of English and the Mott University Professor at Johnson C. Smith University. The observations and opinions he expresses here are his own. You are very welcome to follow him on Twitter and can find his academic profile at Academia.edu.

An Always Engaged Audience

Some background: For those in other parts of the world who may not know, this fall has been unusually rough when it comes to the bugs that have been floating around here in North Carolina. Like most parents, my wife and I have a working arrangement — subject to change based on the needs of the day — as to who will stay home with our daughter when she has to stay home from school. Since we are both professors, this pattern generally aligns with the Monday-Wednesday-Friday (MWF)/Tuesday-Thursday (TR) split. 

This semester, I have the MWF shift. This is counterintuitive, as my classes this semester are on MWF. She, however, has classes with more in-class assignments on MWF than I do. As a result, my MWF schedule is more open to alternate approaches.

I have been using Periscope to stream classes when I stay home. It is an imperfect vehicle for what I am attempting[1], but it gets the job done. 

In a strange way, I have noticed that I find it a surprisingly comfortable experience to hold class via Periscope. And after class today, I think I have settled on why this is. 

For those of you who have never taught, facing a room full of students can be a depressing task. I know that my students are more engaged than they look. Their questions and comments have, on more than one occasion, proved that just moments before I was about to succumb to despair. But if you know the semi-blank look that people assume when they watch television, you know what you will see looking out at a room full of students. Not all of them look like this, of course. Some are more animated and some are less. Nevertheless, there is a passive look that pervades the room. This can be true with the most engaged of students. If one is taking notes, for example, you do not get to see the animation in their face because they are looking down.[2]

When you broadcast on Periscope, you look at yourself. It is a feature that lets the broadcaster know what his audience is seeing. So, when I am talking about Mark Twain and H. G. Wells,[3] I am looking at someone who is actively engaged — not a classroom of students who are paying attention and trying to process what is being presented or discussed.[4] 

I know that when I present, I feed off of those who are actively engaged. Most people in front of an audience do. When that is happening, I feel like I am doing a better job (Whether I am or not is a different question.). With Periscope, I provide myself with a positive feedback loop.

As a result, classroom performance, in the literal sense of the nature of what is presented rather than its content, could (Let me stress: could.) improve on the in-room experience with access to this technology, if it can be successfully linked to a mechanism for student participation, as discussed in footnote one below. It might also be worth considering and weighing for those running experiments with classroom delivery, as can be seen at Minerva University or through on-demand services like Kahn Academy.  


[1] If you want to see what can be done with a streamed class that functions very much as an interactive seminar, I would highly recommend that you tune in to one of Signum University’s open classes. You will find me sitting in on “Exploring Lord of the Rings” most Tuesday evenings, beginning at roughly 9:30 PM Eastern. Professor Corey Olsen simultaneously broadcasts via Periscope/Twitter, Twitch, and Discord while being “present” in Lord of the Rings Online. The online version of Middle Earth allows for the classes to take field trips to locations of note every week. (The broadcasts are then made available on YouTube, as can be seen in this randomly chosen example.) He manages to juggle three chat areas (Discord is the primary location for the comments and questions.), where people ask questions and offer comments.

Since this blog is about the iPad in the educational space, I will let you know how I attend. I run  Twitch (which contains the video and audio stream I use) and Discord (where I am present in the chat) in split screen mode on my 10.5” iPad Pro. I find it quicker to type my comments on the Smart Keyboard but often use the onscreen keyboard. To get a fuller picture and sound, I AirPlay the Twitch stream to my Apple TV. That, however, is a creature comfort and allows me to avoid resizing the split screen view to see more of the slides presented on the screen and/or type. It is possible to have a decent experience doing it all on the iPad.

[2] In case you are a student and are wondering, your professors can tell when you are writing about their class rather than another. The rhythm of your engagement in the class and the engagement with the page are either aligned or are not.

[3] Today’s 9AM class, which is on the way people understand time and how that is expressed in art and society, wrapped up A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court and started The Time Machine.

[4] For those who might want to offer a well-meaning critique here and talk about active learning, let me offer a quick distinction: The look on a student’s face is a function of what they are doing rather than the pedagogical structure they are existing within. The same look will pervade on the faces of students during the kind of discussion or activity you might suggest I try. There is a material difference in the look worn by a student when they are “on” — when they have the floor or are talking — and when they are not, whether they are in a lecture or working in a small group. As a practical matter, it is impossible for everyone to be fully active at once. It is a question of how often they are fully active, how often they are partially active, how often they are passively active, and how often they are disengaged.


Dr. Matthew M. DeForrest is a Professor of English and the Mott University Professor at Johnson C. Smith University. The observations and opinions he expresses here are his own. You are very welcome to follow him on Twitter and can find his academic profile at Academia.edu.